GROWTH OF FOUR TREE SPECIES ON MEDIA CONTAINING GOLD MINE TAILING OF PT ANTAM UBPE PONGKOR

PT Antam UBPE Pongkor is a gold mining company that produces waste in the from of tailing mud which contains heavy metal with sufficiently high concentration. The aim of this research was to study the growth of four types of plant, i.e. Casuarina junghuniana, Pinus merkusii, Melia azedarach, and Gmelina arborea in a media containing tailing mud. This research used a completely randomized factorial design with two factors, i.e. types of plant and media. Two kinds of media was used i.e. 1200g tailing and a mixture of 900g tailing and 300g compost. Growth parameters observed were plant diameter, height, number of leaf, leaf lenght and widht, total wet and dry biomass, root-shoot-ratio and number of stomata. Soil and plant analysis was done after four months of experiment. The results showed that plant types have significant effects on all parameters except root-shoot-ratio and plant height. Media types significantly affect plant diameter, wet and dry biomass. Interaction between plant types and media gave sifnificant effect on diameter, wet and dry biomass. G. arborea had the best growth response on all parameters except root-shoot-ratio and plant heigh. Its average diameter was 4.56 mm, leaf lenght 3.67 cm, leaf widht 3.000 cm, total wet biomass 50.21 g, total dry biomass 32.19 g and number of stomata is 89.Key words: C. junghuniana, G. arborea, metal, M. azedarach, tailing, P. merkusii

Leaf Morphology Traits of Shorea spp in Ex-Situ KHDTK Haurbentes

Shorea is a genus of the Dipterocarpaceae family which shows high economic and ecological values. Currently, market demand for wood is still met from natural forests that are degrading due to over exploitation. The degraded forests are included in the rehabilitation program that require significant number of planting stocks, mainly from seedlings or wildlings. Correct species identification of planting stocks, particularly wildlings, is an important first step in planting activities and it is relevant with Shorea spp planting stocks due to leaf morphology traits. This study was aimed to examine the traits of leaf morphology of four Shorea species for easy field identification. Samples were taken from five trees for each species. Morphological trait identification was conducted by leaf  observation and measurement. The results showed that all four species had the same apex shape. Six of the twelve morphological characteristic of the variable character can influence the morphological characteristics of the leaves, namely the roving leaf, leaf area, leaf length, aspect ratio, form factorand perimeter ratio of diameter. S. leprosula is similar to S. parvifolia, while S. ovalis is similar to S. guiso. Shorea leaf  character S. parvifolia differentiated from S. leprosula, while Shorea ovalis similar to Shorea guiso. The LP variable (length from the base of the leaf to the widest point of the leaf) is a variable that can be used as aleaf morphological characteristic of the four Shorea which are compared because each one has a different value. S. ovalis has the highest LP value, followed by S. guiso and S. leprosula, while S. parvifolia has the lowest LP value. Keywords: apex shape, identification, leaf morphology traits, Shore

Changes on Soil Chemical Characteristics of The Reclamation Ex-Mining Land As A Model at The PT. Antam UBPE Pongkor

High mining activity in the forested land had damaged the forest, that reclamation is necessary to restore the forest conditions as before. This research aims at finding out changes on soil chemistry, and the concentration of Pb and Fe in the soil, and the 10 years old planted rosewood, pine, and walnut trees at the reclamation ex-gold mining land as a model of PT. Antam UBPE Pongkor. Soil analysis at 0–5 cm, 5–15 cm and 15–30 cm depth showed increase soil quality, especially in C-organic content at 0–5 cm, which is much higher than the deeper depth. C-organic content of rosewood stand was 2.08%, pine was 1.04% and walnut was 0.95%. The 10 years old planted trees had absorbed Pb and Fe, of which the highest Pb content was found in walnut roots at 13 ppm, while the highest Fe content was in pine roots at 4933 ppm.Keywords: C-organic, Fe, Pb, reclamation, soil chemistr

Comparison of levels of chloroplast DNA diversity of two Shorea species with contrasting geographical distribution

The analysis of the distribution of genetic diversity in a species provides useful information for conservation programs and management at the species level. The objective of this study was to observe the distribution of chloroplast DNA haplotypes and to assess their variation within and among populations of two Shorea species. Results of this study showed that each of the two species was characterized by a different common haplotype. Polymorphisms were found in each species, but the overall haplotype variation was low due to the low number of cpSSR markers investigated. A low level of intra-specific variation was detected in natural populations of S. parvifolia and S. laevis in which only three haplotypes and four haplotypes were found, respectively. A strong differentiation among populations of S. parvifolia and S. laevis were observed (GST = 0.582 and GST = 0.736, respectively), indicating limited gene flow among populations of two Shorea species. Despite its restricted distribution, S. laevis exhibited higher genetic diversity than the more widespread S. parvifolia. It is clear that the expectation of reduced genetic diversity in species with restricted distribution is not always borne out. Geographical distribution of haplotypes did not clearly reflect the distribution of two Shorea species populations. The findings of this study could be utilized as basic information to conserve the sources of genetic diversity in S. parvifolia and S. laevis in the future. Keywords: Chloroplast microsatellite, Genetic variation, Shorea laevis, Shorea parvifolia

Study on Alfa-Amylase Inhibitor in Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) Trees, of Kediri, Solomon and Subang Provenances

Sengon  (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) is one of potential tree to develop because of its diverse benefits. At present, sengon plantation suffer from serious attack by stem borer (Xystrocera festiva Pascoe), known as boktor. It was known that boktor digestive tract contains α-amylase enzyme, sengon trees have α-amylase inhibitor. It is necessary to study the nature of α-amylase inhibitor in sengon tree to produce superior clone of sengon, which contains highest  α-amylase inhibitor activity and resistant to stem borer.The purpose of this study is to determine different level of α-amylase inhibitor activity from three provenances of Kediri, Solomon and Subang, both in the bark and stem of healthy and heavily attacked trees. It also compared the activity of α-amylase inhibitor using synthetic and natural enzymes from the digestive gut of boktor larvae. Plant materials were woods and barks of sengon trees from provenances of Kediri, Solomon, and Subang, which were made into powder. Two types of tree were selected, i.e. healthy and severely attacked trees. Observation of α-amylase inhibitor activity was carried out using the α-amylase synthetic enzyme (SIGMA, 320 U/mg) and natural enzymes from the digestive tract of boktor larvae, size 3.5 cm. The data were analyzed in a Complete Randomized Factorial Design (CRFD) with three factors, i.e. provenance, condition of the tree, and different tree tissue, using SPSS 18.0 software. Analysis of variance using synthetic enzymes showed that tree conditions and tissues have highly significant influence on the activity of α-amylase inhibitor, while in the other hand provenance factor did not. The trees stem (29,4751 AUI/mg) had a higher α-amylase inhibitor activity than in trees bark (41.932 AUI / mg). The average of α-amylase inhibitor activity in healthy trees (28,5689 AUI/mg) higher than in the attacked trees (25,6894 AUI/mg).Analysis of variance using natural enzymes showed that tree conditions and provenance have highly significant influence on the activity of α-amylase inhibitor. Subang provenances had a highest average of α-amylase inhibitor activity compared to other provenances that is equal to 55.2956 AUI / mg. Then the average α-amylase inhibitor activity in healthy trees stem (59.7946 AUI / mg) was higher than the activity of α-amylase inhibitor on severely attacked trees stem (41.932 AUI / mg)

Keragaman Genetik Populasi Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen) pada Hutan Rakyat di Jawa Berdasarkan Penanda RAPD

Sengon is commonly planted in public forest in Java because it included fast growing species (Santoso 1992). Sengon is multifunction such as for its’s leaf, stem, and root system. However, sengon planting with monoculture system causes it  is easily attacked  by pest and desease such as stem rot pest (Xystrocera festiva), dumping off, and karat puru. So that, it needs high quality sengon which is produced from improvement program. High genetic diversity is needed to reach improvement program.  The aim of this research is to know genetic diversity in or between population of sengon on some public forest in Java. Sengon sample that was obtained from 9 populations in Java with amount 25 population sample. Sengon DNA is extracted with CTAB method and Kit GenElute SIGMA. Data analysis is done by POPGENE program and NTSYS. Observed parameter are expected heterozygote (He), polimorfic locus percentage (PLP), observed alel (na), effective alel (ne), and genetic distance.  Expected heterozygote value of entire population is 0.2349. It shows that sengon population in Java has high genetic diversity. Generally, genetic variation is in population (82%) while the different between population is only 18%. Genetic distance dendrogram shows that sengon  spread  in Java is random, because population that is in one same region (West Java) has near distance wih other province

Comparison of levels of chloroplast DNA diversity of two Shorea species with contrasting geographical distribution

The analysis of the distribution of genetic diversity in a species provides useful information for conservation programs and management at the species level. The objective of this study was to observe the distribution of chloroplast DNA haplotypes and to assess their variation within and among populations of two Shorea species. Results of this study showed that each of the two species was characterized by a different common haplotype. Polymorphisms were found in each species, but the overall haplotype variation was low due to the low number of cpSSR markers investigated. A low level of intra-specific variation was detected in natural populations of S. parvifolia and S. laevis in which only three haplotypes and four haplotypes were found, respectively. A strong differentiation among populations of S. parvifolia and S. laevis were observed (GST = 0.582 and GST = 0.736, respectively), indicating limited gene flow among populations of two Shorea species. Despite its restricted distribution, S. laevis exhibited higher genetic diversity than the more widespread S. parvifolia. It is clear that the expectation of reduced genetic diversity in species with restricted distribution is not always borne out. Geographical distribution of haplotypes did not clearly reflect the distribution of two Shorea species populations. The findings of this study could be utilized as basic information to conserve the sources of genetic diversity in S. parvifolia and S. laevis in the future

Rarity Status and Habitat of Shorea laevis and Shorea leprosula in Muara Teweh, Central Kalimantan

Forest exploitation and conversion to other landuse may cause lost of biodiversity, including most important dipterocarp trees species, i.e. Shorea leprosula and Shorea laevis. The objective of this study was to determine the rarity status of the two important shorea species, i.e. S. laevis and S. leprosula, based on IUCN criteria, their habitat characteristics, and their association with other species, as one of the basis for determining their conservation strategy as a part of forest management. This study was conducted in three types of ecosystem (virgin forest, secondary forest, and fragmented forest) in Muara Teweh, Central Kalimantan.  Methodology used in this research includes vegetation and tree diversity analysis. Study results showed that both S. laevis and S. leprosula were included within category of “low risk” in the 3 types of ecosystem in the forest area being studied.  Habitat characteristics which determined the absence of S. laevis in the virgin forest habitat was the soil permeability which was too low, whereas other soil chemical and physical properties in the three types of ecosystems were relatively similar.  Presence of S. laevis were positively associated with species of S. uliginosa, Dialium platysepalum, Dipterocarpus ibmalatus, Palaquium rostatum, Vatica rasak, Adinandra sp., and Memecyclon steenis.  On the other hand,  S. leprosula were positively correlated with S. kunstleri, Castanopsis sp., Shorea sp., Quercus bennettii, Castanopsis argentea, and D. hasseltii

Development of Few Significant SNP Markers from Transcriptomic Data for Selection of Sengon (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin) Resistant to Boktor Stem Borer and Gall Rust Disease

Sengon (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin) plantations in Indonesia are threatened by attacks from Boktor stem borers and gall rust disease. Controlling pests and diseases is difficult; therefore, planting resistant trees obtained from tree selection programs is necessary. Currently, genomic breeding often incorporates GWAS, which uses thousands of SNP markers to identify markers with significant associations with the traits studied. This study aimed to bypass such expensive studies by identifying and developing SNP markers from sequences of putative resistance genes to Boktor stem borer and gall rust disease, identified from sengon transcriptomic data analysis. A total of 496,194 putative SNP sites were identified from transcriptomic sequences using the SAMtools and BFCtools programs, of which 119 SNP sites were associated with resistance genes. Of the 101 non-synonymous SNPs selected, only 12 were located in the conserved domain of each gene and were used for primer design. Of the 13 primers designed, only 10 were successfully amplified. Validation of 10 developed SNP markers on 100 sengon accessions using the HRM method confirmed a significant association between SNP markers and resistance traits, with a -log 10 (P-value) between 10.49 and 16.63. A few SNPs markers developed from putative resistance gene sequences are associated with resistance traits in sengon. Therefore, the SNP markers could be applied in selection programs for sengon trees resistant to Boktor stem borers and gall rust disease

Diversity of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese of Tapanuli Strain based on Microsatellite Markers

Pinus merkusii of Tapanuli strain, which grows naturally in Tapanuli area to the south of Toba Lake, has decreased considerably due to intensive logging. This research aimed at investigating genetic diversity of strain Tapanuli Pine using microsatellite markers on its three populations, i.e. Dolok Tusam Timur, Lobugala, and Parinsoran. Leaf samples were extracted using combined CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) and DNeasy plant mini kit, then amplified using seven specific microsatellite primers from P. merkusii Aceh strain, i.e. pm01, pm04, pm05, pm07, pm08, pm09a, and pm12. Those primers could amplify polymorphic fragments with different sizes than reported before. Estimation of genetic diversity parameters showed that Lobugala population has the highest heterozygosity (He = 0.4693) followed by Dolok Tusam Timur (He = 0.4614) and Parinsoran (He = 0.4316). Lobugala population was closely related to Parinsoran with 0.0617 genetic distance, and separated from Dolok Tusam Timur by 0.3798 genetic distance. Partition of genetic variation showed that 81% was found within population, and only 18% was among population.Keywords: genetic diversity, microsatellite, Pinus merkusi